Generated by All in One SEO v5.0.0.1, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Hardware To Software Theory, hardware, software and code ## Posts - [Astable - The completion](https://www.hw2sw.com/2014/11/29/astable-the-completion/) - Final theoretic steps in describing an astable circuit. The alternating of bjt saturation through the caps charging/discharging and the voltage the bases see. - [Astable - On the road](https://www.hw2sw.com/2015/01/09/astable-on-the-road/) - [Arduino. A good beginning](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/06/30/arduino-a-good-beginning/) - [Building Standalone Hardware from scratch](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/07/07/building-standalone-hardware-from-scratch/) - [Playing with temperature sensor and Arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/07/01/playing-with-temperature-sensor-and-arduino/) - [Configuring your new ATMega328 for Arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/07/06/configuring-your-new-atmega328-for-arduino/) - [Burn Arduino bootloader into ATMega328 (BitBang)](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/07/06/burn-arduino-bootloader-into-atmega328-bitbang/) - [How to assemble a low cost firewall with professional capabilities](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/15/how-to-assemble-a-low-cost-firewall-with-professional-capabilities/) - [From an arduino project to a standalone one](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/24/from-an-arduino-project-to-a-standalone-one/) - [Binary Decimal and Hexadecimal numeral systems](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/25/binary-decimal-and-hexadecimal-numeral-systems/) - [Arduino and memory how to](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/29/arduino-and-memory-how-to/) - [KiCAD. From Software to Hardware Part1](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/02/kicad-from-software-to-hardware-part1/) - [KiCAD. From Software to Hardware Part2](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/08/kicad-from-software-to-hardware-part2/) - [Arduino Bitwise Operators and advanced tricks](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/13/arduino-bitwise-operators-and-advanced-tricks/) - [Burn Arduino bootloader into ATMega (USBtinyISP)](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/14/burn-arduino-bootloader-into-atmega-usbtinyisp/) - [Burn Bootloader using Arduino as ISP (ArduinoISP)](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/14/burn-bootloader-using-arduino-as-isp-arduinoisp/) - [Learn how to make at home an etching solution](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/15/learn-how-to-make-at-home-an-etching-solution/) - [Circular menu in arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/22/circular-menu-in-arduino/) - [Turn a common laminator into a PCB laminator](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/23/turn-a-common-laminator-into-a-pcb-laminator/) - [How to make PCBs at home - The toner transfer method](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/29/how-to-make-pcbs-at-home-the-toner-transfer-method/) - [Kicad. From Software To Hardware Part3](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/03/kicad-from-software-to-hardware-part3/) - [Voltage dividers explained](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/04/voltage-dividers-explained/) - [Connecting a LCD to an Arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/06/connecting-a-lcd-to-an-arduino/) - [SciDAVis. Art of approximation](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/07/scidavis-art-of-approximation/) - [Common Emitter. Why and how to](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/10/common-emitter-why-and-how-to/) - [Relay and arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/19/relay-and-arduino/) - [Weight sensors and arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/20/weight-sensors-and-arduino/) - [Liquid Filling Machine - Liquid Filler Part 1](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/21/liquid-filling-machine-part-1/) - Liquid Filling Machine based on arduino. LCD and circular menu. The first source code - [Liquid Filling Machine - Liquid Filler Part 2](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/24/liquid-filling-machine-part-2/) - Liquid Filling Machine based on arduino. Connect relay and weight sensor (load cell) - [Liquid Filling Machine - Liquid Filler Part 3](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/26/liquid-filling-machine-part-3/) - Liquid Filling Machine based on arduino. Learn how to construct the PCB and the weight board - [Liquid Filling Machine - Liquid Filler Part 4](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/27/liquid-filling-machine-part-4/) - Liquid Filling Machine based on arduino. Find out how to calibrate the liquid filler - [Lazarus! Get up, pick your pc up, and program!](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/31/lazarus-get-up-pick-your-pc-up-and/) - Lazarus IDE and FreePascal compiler to professionally program with free software. Indy library installation shown. - [BOUML. Model your software](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/11/04/bouml-model-your-software/) - BoUML to model your ideas, specifically for software programming and conding. Cross-platform, easy and powerfull. - [Strange Types Circulating (in code)](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/11/15/strange-types-circulating-in-code/) - [Add fine tunning on a cheap voltage regulated DC power supply](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/11/18/fine-tunning-on-a-cheap-power-supply/) - Modifying an old school power supply in order to get a much detailed voltage selection - [Variables looping and grouping](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/11/23/variables-looping-and-grouping/) - Programming lesson about variables managing through loops, strings and array. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE to test code. - [By coding a Record](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/11/30/by-coding-a-record/) - Records in FreePascal (structs in C or C++). Definition and management, access to items, explanation with code to test in Lazarus IDE. Complete first project to download. - [Pointers. Parents of web links](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/12/08/pointers-parents-of-web-links/) - Pointers in FreePascal , shown with code and an application in Lazarus IDE (with project or code to download). Explanation of their basic behavior, by referring to them as web links. - [Array management by pointer](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/12/21/array-management-by-pointer/) - Array management by pointer in FreePascal, shown with code and an application in Lazarus IDE (with project or code to download). Explanation of basic behavior, with pointers dereference and visual objects events. - [TList. To improve array management](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/12/28/tlist-to-improve-array-management/) - Array management by pointer in FreePascal using a List of TList type, shown with code and an application in Lazarus IDE (with project or code to download). Explanation of basic behavior, with pointers dereference and visual objects events. - [To Overload or not to Overload](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/12/30/to-overload-or-not-to-overload/) - Overloading of function/procedure in FreePascal: code and an application in Lazarus IDE (with project and code to download). Explanation of its meaning with a simple example. - [A matter of Class](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/01/21/a-matter-of-class/) - First proposal of Object Oriented Programming, where to approach with its principles in a immediate way thanks to a GUI project and code both to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Aggregation of Classes](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/02/08/aggregation-of-classes/) - Third proposal of Object Oriented Programming, where to approach with its principles in a immediate way thanks to a GUI project and code both to download. Here the aggregation of classes is explained and tested. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Inheritance. A first insight](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/02/19/inheritance-a-first-insight/) - Inheritance mechanism at a first insight; the first of three articles about it. As always with code explained and whole project to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Inheritance. The protected attributes](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/03/01/inheritance-the-protected-attributes/) - Inheritance mechanism and the protected attributes; the second of three articles about it. As always with code explained and whole project to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Inheritance. The abstract classes](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/03/12/inheritance-the-abstract-classes/) - Inheritance mechanism and the abstract classes; the last of three articles about it. As always with code explained and whole project to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [pfSense installation second part](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/03/19/pfsense-installation-second-part/) - [How to do a short-circuit impedance measurement](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/04/01/how-to-do-a-short-circuit-impedance-measurement/) - The simple way to measure the short-circuit impedance of an electric system. You just need an impmeter and a multimeter. - [Interfaces and multiple inheritance](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/05/21/interfaces-and-multiple-inheritance/) - Interfaces in FreePascal and Lazarus: the aspect of multiple inheritance is covered, with a whole working project free for download. - [Connecting 125Khz RFID module to arduino – Part 2](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/01/connecting-125khz-rfid-module-to-arduino-part-2/) - [USB Microscope 20-800x presentation](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/11/usb-microscope-20-800x-presentation/) - [PIR Sensors and arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/22/pir-sensors-and-arduino/) - [Adding data logging into MASTECH MS8229](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/25/adding-data-logging-into-mastech-ms8229/) - [Designing the software data logger for MASTECH MS8229 part2](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/10/08/designing-the-software-data-logger-for-mastech-ms8229-part2/) - [Designing the software data logger for MASTECH MS8229](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/26/designing-sw-for-mastech-ms8229/) - [How to do a soil/grounding system resistance measurement](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/10/01/soil-grounding-system-resistance-measurement/) - [Constructing an arduino on a breadboard](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/12/04/constructing-an-arduino-on-a-breadboard/) - How to build an Arduino on breadboard: the essential components required to perform a working platform, based on the Arduino Duemilanove. With a schematics on KiCAD for the final copper board as well. - [Serialino - Presentation](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/12/30/serialino-presentation/) - Here Serialino, our Arduino (Duemilanove) clone. Presentation and general discussion about it. - [Serialino - Design](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/01/08/serialino-design/) - Serialino board presented in its main aspects. Power and communications parts are described. - [Serialino - The PCB](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/01/14/serialino-the-pcb/) - Serialino and the PCB draw described. Download the KiCAD files, in a zip file. - [Serialino - Running Tests](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/02/06/serialino-running-tests/) - Serialino is tested under the two situation: simple blinking LED code and Ethernet board driving. Plus some considerations on usb-serial cable. - [NE555](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/06/26/ne555/) - Presentation of NE555 precision electronic timer, with the block diagram explained. How it works in a few words. - [NE555 - A brief look inside](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/06/30/ne555-a-brief-look-inside/) - NE555 precision electronic timer, with the block diagram explained. The Set-Reset Flip-Flop latch as the working core. - [NE555 - A deeper look inside](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/07/07/ne555-a-deeper-look-inside/) - NE555 precision electronic timer, with the block diagram explained. A deeper view to see the Set-Reset latch behavior, and why the avoided state (S,R)=(1,1) is acceptable indeed. - [NE555 as Monostable](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/07/14/ne555-as-monostable/) - NE555 on the road, first part. The classical non-retriggerable monostable basic circuit, with mathematical explanation and screen-shots from oscilloscope. - [NE555 as Monostable - How to](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/07/28/ne555-as-monostable-how-to/) - NE555 on the road, second part. Non-retriggerable and retriggerable monostable circuits, with mathematical explanation and screen-shots from oscilloscope. - [NE555 as Monostable – Time ON](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/08/23/ne555-as-monostable-time-on/) - NE555 on the road, thirdpart. Non-retriggerable and retriggerable monostable circuits, with mathematical explanation and screen-shots from oscilloscope. - [NE555 as Monostable – Retriggerable](https://www.hw2sw.com/2013/09/08/ne555-as-monostable-retriggerable/) - NE555 on the road, fourth part. Retriggerable monostable circuits, with electrical schemes and screen-shots from oscilloscope. - [UNI-T UT61E data logging programs](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/08/30/uni-t-ut61e-data-logging-programs/) - [Infrared emitters & receivers](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/14/infrared-emmitter-receiver/) - [Connecting a magnetic reed door switch into arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/09/07/connecting-a-magnetic-reed-door-switch-into-arduino/) - [Programming arduino with an external programmer](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/08/27/programming-arduino-with-an-external-programmer/) - [Connecting 125Khz RFID module to arduino - Part 1](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/08/22/connecting-rfid/) - [Arduino documentation resources](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/22/arduino-documentation-resources/) - [Astable - The parameters](https://www.hw2sw.com/2014/11/28/astable-the-parameters/) - Which is the key to make an astable correctly work as desired? The main role of caps between symmetrical branches. - [Astable - How to think](https://www.hw2sw.com/2014/11/27/astable-how-to-think/) - How to start thinking about an astable multi-vibrator basic oscillator? All the steps to begin with here exposed. - [Converting a normal water valve into a gravity feed valve](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/10/19/converting-a-normal-water-valve-into-a-gravity-feed-valve/) - [Generics and templates](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/06/29/generics-and-templates/) - Generics as native implementation of Templates in FreePascal. A simple project in Lazarus is shown and free to be downloaded about it. - [Circular menu in arduino redux ](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/04/29/circular-menu-in-arduino-redux/) - [Interfaces. An introduction](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/04/12/interfaces-an-introduction/) - Interfaces to complete the classes abstraction mechanism. As always with code explained and whole project to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Manual and Automatic Traffic Lights](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/08/08/traffic-lights/) - [EEPROM and Arduino. A deeper view](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/09/13/eeprom-and-arduino-a-deeper-view/) - [Composition of Classes](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/01/31/composition-of-classes/) - Second proposal of Object Oriented Programming, where to approach with its principles in a immediate way thanks to a GUI project and code both to download. Here the composition of classes is explained and tested. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [OOP. Not oops](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/01/11/oop-not-oops/) - First proposal of Object Oriented Programming, where to approach with its principles in a immediate way thanks to a GUI project and code both to download. FreePascal and Lazarus IDE are the tools. - [Array management by value](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/12/14/array-management-by-value/) - Array management by value in FreePascal, shown with code and an application in Lazarus IDE (with project or code to download). Explanation of basic behavior, with pointers dereference and visual objects events. - [Capacitor on breadboard](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/06/29/capacitor-on-breadboard/) - [Breadboard](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/07/01/breadboard/) - [First Order Linear Differential Equation](https://www.hw2sw.com/2011/10/07/first-order-linear-differential-equation/) - [pfSense installation to a CF Card](https://www.hw2sw.com/2012/03/15/pfsense-installation-cf-card/) - How to install pfSense to a Compact Flash Card. A step by step installation tutorial ## Pages - [PICk4Boot Presentation](https://www.hw2sw.com/pick4boot/) - [Cookie Policy for Hw2Sw](https://www.hw2sw.com/privacy-policy/) - [Shop](https://www.hw2sw.com/shop/) - [Thank you!](https://www.hw2sw.com/thank-you/) - [Serialino](https://www.hw2sw.com/serialino/) - [Mastech Data Logger](https://www.hw2sw.com/mastech-data-logger/) - Mastech MS8229 digital multimeter. Here we have a hack to physically add serial port to it, featuring the data logging. With a cross-platform software by TrustFM. - [Filling Machine](https://www.hw2sw.com/filling-machine/) - Liquid filler, a filling machine based on arduino platform. Uses a load cell as sensor - [Projects](https://www.hw2sw.com/projects/) - We collect here our projects section. - [Hacks](https://www.hw2sw.com/hacks/) - [About](https://www.hw2sw.com/about-us/) - Who we are and what we propose. - [Links](https://www.hw2sw.com/links/) - Useful external links. Take a look at them. - [Tutorials](https://www.hw2sw.com/tutorials/) - Tutorials and guides which complete the practice with theory. - [Bootload on Arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/bootload-on-arduino/) - How to burn an ATMega microcontroller for Arduino platforms. Here we present several ways, tested on Arduino Duemilanove. - [Programming School](https://www.hw2sw.com/programming-school/) - Programming School guides you to a basic but strong and quick independence in programming, from the fundaments to the Object Oriented vision. The learning environment is a winning couple: FreePascal compiler and Lazarus IDE (both free). Just follow our proposed path to acquire a good practice: no particularly deep pre-knowledge is required. Have fun! - [Contact](https://www.hw2sw.com/contact-us/) - Contact with the hw2sw team ## Categories - [Hardware](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/hardware/) - [Software](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/software/) - [Arduino](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/hardware/arduino/) - [Lazarus](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/software/lazarus/) - [SynaSer](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/software/lazarus/synaser/) - [Theory](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/theory/) - [Analogic Electronics](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/theory/analogic_electronics/) - [Microcontrollers](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/hardware/microcontrollers-hardware/) - [Electrotechnics](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/theory/electrotechnics/) - [Lessons](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/theory/analogic_electronics/lessons/) - [Measurements](https://www.hw2sw.com/category/theory/electrotechnics/measurements-electrotechnics/) ## Tags - [capacitor](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/capacitor/) - [breadboard](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/breadboard/) - 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[ut61e](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/ut61e/) - [data logging](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/data-logging/) - [aha project](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/aha-project/) - [reed switch](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/reed-switch/) - [usb](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/usb/) - [microscope](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/microscope/) - [presentation](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/presentation/) - [gadget](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/gadget/) - [ir](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/ir/) - [emitter](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/emitter/) - [photo](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/photo/) - [MASTECH](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/mastech/) - [MS8229](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/ms8229/) - [gravity](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/gravity/) - [valve](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/valve/) - [feed](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/feed/) - [prototyping](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/prototyping/) - [serialino](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/serialino/) - [clone](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/clone/) - [scheme](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/scheme/) - [max232](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/max232/) - [test](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/test/) - [ethernet](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/ethernet/) - [serial](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/serial/) - [cable](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/cable/) - [bound rate](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/bound-rate/) - [ne555](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/ne555/) - [timer](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/timer/) - [trigger](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/trigger/) - [set](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/set/) - [reset](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/reset/) - [flip-flop](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/flip-flop/) - [comparator](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/comparator/) - [monostable](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/monostable/) - [retriggerable](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/retriggerable/) - [formula](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/formula/) - [astable](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/astable/) - [asymmetry](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/asymmetry/) - [pull-up](https://www.hw2sw.com/tag/pull-up/)